Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Advanced Studies of Art, School of Visual Arts, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2
PhD student in Philosophy of Art, Department of Philosophy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Jean Epstein’s conception of photogénie identifies a distinctive quality in objects, living beings, or human figures whose moral and existential character is heightened through cinematic reproduction. This understanding of cinema emphasizes its ability to disclose aspects of the world that remain hidden in ordinary experience, projecting into visibility textures, rhythms, and presences invisible to the eye in daily life. Such disclosure is not merely visual; it activates the viewer’s lived experience through body and senses, positioning cinema as a deeply embodied perceptual encounter rather than a disembodied act of observation. In this sense, the cinematic image is capable of revealing not just events or appearances, but the very experiential qualities that saturate them, offering access to a sensory field unavailable to discursive or documentary knowledge. Vivian Sobchack, drawing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception, advances the related notion of shared embodiment, asserting that film is possessed of a body as much as the spectator is, and that film experience is intercorporeal by nature. In her view, film acts as a perceptual subject in its own right, engaging the spectator through a reciprocal, embodied exchange. To watch a film is therefore not merely to trace a narrative but to enter into a tangible rapport where the rhythms, resistances, and breaths of the film intertwine with the bodily tempo of its viewer. In such a configuration, film appears to breathe, resist, and carry weight, aligning its pulse with the spectator’s own corporeal rhythms. Rather than serving as a purely representational system, the film becomes a sensory entity, organizing experience through an embodied relationship. This reading, although not in fundamental opposition to classical film theories such as those of André Bazin or Siegfried Kracauer, shifts the emphasis from cinema’s realist or socio-material functions toward an examination of how film itself feels, how it structures bodily experience, and how it solicits perceptual participation. The existing body of film scholarship has remained largely devoted to formalist analyses—concerned with editing, mise-en-scène, and cinematography—or ideological critiques focused on cultural and political functions. Comprehensive integration of phenomenological perception into film theory has been relatively rare, creating a theoretical gap that this study aims to address by merging Epstein’s photogénie with Sobchack’s concept of shared embodiment in the analysis of spectator experience. The research seeks to examine film as a sensory being and to understand the spectator’s bodily experience as a relationship with such a being. Its methodological approach is qualitative, conducted as a case study and rooted in descriptive phenomenology. Resources include library-based theoretical works as well as archival audio-visual materials. The Turin Horse by Béla Tarr was selected for analysis on the basis of its slow rhythms, extended takes, restricted mise-en-scène, minimalist sound design, and repetition of actions, all of which invite a multi-sensory mode of engagement. Findings indicate that certain key sequences in the film convey not only the events that constitute its narrative but also the lived qualities of those events. Viewing becomes a participatory act in which the spectator steps into the film’s temporal field, responding bodily to its pace and atmosphere. This transformation of the spectator from passive observer to active participant highlights the contemporary relevance of Epstein’s theory and demonstrates how its fusion with phenomenology of perception, alongside Gilles Deleuze’s concept of the time-image, can generate a powerful framework for examining minimalist, body-centered cinema. Within this framework, cinema is reconceived as a relational, bodily, and sensuous co-presence between film and spectator. The Turin Horse offers an instructive example of this proposition, as its experience manifests not in mere image consumption but as immersion into an existential dimension shared by both film and viewer. In this dimension, bodily boundaries blur, and perceptual events emerge from the intertwining of the film’s corporeality with that of its audience. This reading positions the cinematic event at a level beneath language and semiotic coding, in which meaning is generated through sensation and mutual corporeal engagement rather than through narrative or metaphor. Analysis of The Turin Horse reveals that its cinematic effect is not reducible to representation or conventional storytelling. Instead, the film operates as a sensory event or perceptual organism, functioning like a tactile ecology that draws the spectator into its embodied orbit. Through rhythm, silence, repetition, and precise life-world detail, The Turin Horse engages both the body and consciousness of the viewer, situating them within the film’s experiential space. The interplay of extended takes and atmospheric minimalism ensures that the spectator cannot remain detached; they must inhabit the film’s unfolding temporalities. Four narrative junctures are particularly illustrative of this bodily entanglement: the initial encounter with the horse and unrelenting wind, the cycles of daily labor and existential erosion, the intimate care of combing the horse’s mane, and the final dissolution into darkness. Each of these junctures suspends classical narrative momentum, estranges conventional meaning, and relies on temporally and spatially specific lived experience to solicit multi-sensory participation. By inviting the spectator into this dynamic of co-existence and co-resonance, The Turin Horse embodies what it means for a film to act as a sensory being. It does not mirror reality passively, nor does it confine meaning to a narrative that can be intellectually parsed in isolation from bodily engagement. Rather, it generates an event in which film and viewer co-inhabit an experiential field. This phenomenological encounter challenges linear notions of cinematic time and narrative causality, opening possibilities for rethinking the nature of spectatorship in work that privileges duration, repetition, and corporeal presence. The implications of this approach extend across theoretical, practical, and research domains. In a theoretical sense, it adds a new dimension to philosophy of film by reframing cinema as a site of corporeality and lived awareness. It brings Epstein’s essentialism of photogénie into heterodox dialogue with Merleau-Ponty’s ontology of the lived body, Sobchack’s theory of reciprocal experience between film and spectator, and Deleuze’s critique of linear narrative through the time-image. Practically, such a perspective offers innovative analytic instruments for film education, criticism, and production, particularly in contexts where slow cinema and minimalism foreground bodily and sensory engagement over conventional plot progression. In terms of research, the approach fills a notable gap in contemporary film studies, especially within the Iranian academic setting, by systematically investigating the relationship between body, consciousness, and cinematic experience. It opens pathways for future scholarship on sensory intersubjectivity and embodied aesthetics, suggesting that cinema’s communicative potential lies as much in pre-linguistic, pre-semiotic sensation as in symbol or story, and that such investigation can deepen our grasp of how audiences experience narrative not as abstract content but as physical and temporal immersion. Ultimately, The Turin Horse demonstrates that cinematic experience can be understood not solely as the act of viewing, but as an immersion into a shared existential space where bodies intermingle across the medium threshold. In this space, the temporality of the film is not simply observed—it is inhabited, forming a perceptual event in which the distinction between film’s body and viewer’s body is fluid. The research makes clear that the cinema, particularly in its minimalist and phenomenological expressions, can be approached as a living, sensory organism, speaking in rhythms, silences, and corporeal currents that precede language. This reframing not only bonds Epstein’s foundational ideas to contemporary practice but also equips scholars and practitioners with a model for engaging cinema at the intersection of perception, embodiment, and time. In recognizing cinema’s capacity to operate as a mutually resonant body, the study invites a broader reconsideration of spectatorship as a fundamentally corporeal act, wherein meaning arises through lived contact rather than detached observation.
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