The social, political, and cultural transformations of Iran in the 1960s rendered the redefinition of national identity a historical necessity. During this decade, the increasing encounter with Western modernity, internal modernization processes, and the dominance of conflicting ideological discourses—including nationalism, Marxism, and Islamism—led to profound crises in the understanding of the self and the other. Dramatic literature, particularly the works of Gholam-Hossein Sa’edi and Mohsen Yalfani, functioned not only as a reflection of these crises but also as a space for rethinking the ethical and political dimensions of identity formation. This study explores how the relationship between identity and the Other is articulated in selected plays by Sa’edi and Yalfani, based on Emmanuel Levinas’s theory of alterity. From Levinas’s perspective, the Other is foundational to the formation of the self, and language is the primary site of this ethical encounter. Through qualitative content analysis and comparative reading, the research reveals that language in these plays often ceases to function as a medium for dialogue and becomes an instrument of domination, imposition, or silence. This linguistic dysfunction signals a deeper moral crisis in the relationship with the Other and simultaneously reflects the fragmentation of individual and collective identity in the socio-historical context of the 1960s. Nevertheless, certain dramatic moments reveal linguistic acts of resistance, opening the possibility for a renewed conception of identity.